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Introduction Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) has become one of the most debated aspects of international arbitration. Through ISDS mechanisms, foreign investors are empowered to bring claims directly against sovereign states when they believe government measures have
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Introduction As states pursue ambitious energy transition policies to address climate change, investor–state disputes have become increasingly prominent. Arbitration under the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) has been a crucial battleground for disputes between investors in the
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Introduction Investor–state arbitration has long been criticized for creating tension between the rights of foreign investors and the regulatory autonomy of sovereign states. A notable example is Philip Morris Brands Sàrl v. Uruguay (ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7),
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Introduction International arbitration has become the dispute resolution mechanism of choice for industries with high-value contracts, complex regulatory oversight, and global implications. Among the sectors where arbitration has played a defining role, aviation is particularly prominent,
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By: Victoria Hayes, LL.M. (London School of Economics) International Arbitration Specialist Introduction International arbitration continues to serve as the backbone of global dispute resolution, offering parties neutrality, efficiency, and enforceability across jurisdictions. Yet arbitration is not
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